Hydrosphere at work(lower congo river)

source:03 April 2010,AMNH CongoProject,http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_images.jsp?cntn_id=111518&org=NSF

source:03 April 2010,AMNH CongoProject,http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_images.jsp?cntn_id=111518&org=NSF

The Congo River is a place of superlatives; it is the world’s second largest river basin, draining an area the size of Europe; so immense that its source waters in the highlands of east Africa take more than six months to exit into the Atlantic Ocean, some 2,900 miles (4,670 km) to the west. The river and its tributaries represent over 9,000 miles (14,500 km) of navigable passage across central Africa, and provide food and livelihoods for the 30 million people who live in this vast region.

Big barrier

This massive river also forms one of the largest biogeographical barriers in Africa.

For example, our closest relatives, the chimps (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobos (Pan paniscus) are separated by the Congo River; chimps are found only to the north and bonobos only to the south.

Many other animals show a similar pattern of distribution; the Congo River has clearly played an important role in sorting African biogeography. Nevertheless, we know surprisingly little about its history.

But we do know that the river has not always looked the way it does today. Geologists estimate that perhaps as recently as half a million years ago, the Congo was a large lake or series of lakes with no outflow to the Atlantic Ocean. At some point the Congo breached a high plateau in the region of present day Malebo Pool — a peculiar place where the river expands into an enormous 14-mile-wide (22.5 km-wide) pool. In Conrad’s day this strange place was known as Stanley Pool, after the explorer and emissary of the now infamous Belgian King Leopold II.

Most of the great inland lake was drained and a "new" river cascaded down through the gorges of the Crystal Mountain region, dropping about 920 feet (280 m) over 220 miles (350 km) to reach the Atlantic. Today, some of the most spectacular rapids on Earth and a rich endemic fish fauna are found in the river as it flows between Pool Malebo and the Atlantic. These fishes are termed lower Congo "endemics" because they occur only in this short stretch of the river. It is this region, called the lower Congo River rapids, with its spectacular array of rapids, pools and runs, that is our study area.

Isolated stretch

The extraordinary hydrology of the lower Congo appears to have isolated it from the remainder of the river basin and this short stretch represents a model system for exploring patterns of species richness and local endemism, while perhaps also holding the key to understanding the origin and age of the entire Congo River itself. The fishes found only in the lower Congo rapids can only have evolved after the formation of the rapids themselves, and those rapids formed when the proto-lake Congo drained to the Atlantic.

By studying those fishes, we hope to get a handle on when the Congo took its present-day form.

But studying those fishes is no easy task; the area is remote and rugged, roads are few and far between and when present are often impassible. What’s more, few reliable maps are available to aid our search for access to the river. But unlike Stanley and other earlier travelers in the region, we have the luxury of remotely sensed satellite imagery to help us locate possible access points by road and by foot that can take us to river collecting sites and places to set up camp – large sand banks and bars that are scattered between huge rocky outcrops along the river, make idyllic camp sites from where we can cautiously venture out in local piroges (huge canoes carved out of tree trunks).

Analysis of remotely sensed data also gives us an invaluable birds-eye view of the numerous macrohabitats and channel features that characterize this hydrologically complex stretch of river. Using the latest remote sensing technologies, and with much on-the-ground sampling and analysis, we are beginning to get a much clearer picture of just how the hydrology of the river has played a major role in isolating fish populations. We have mapped rapids and can begin to measure their power, we have found evidence of extremely deep underwater canyons, we have found blind fishes and fishes with bizarre anatomical features and adaptations to life in fast waters, and we have discovered numerous species new to science.

Yet working in this region is difficult. Catching fish in such turbulent water flowing at extreme velocities over treacherous rocks is a bit like trying to "catch" a needle in a haystack — we rely heavily on the experience and ingenious skill of the local people who have been fishing these difficult waters for millennia.

But despite how much we are learning and documenting, our project has only begun to scratch the surface of this extraordinary place — we are certainly leaving a great deal for our Congolese colleagues and students to continue to explore.

Source:04 April 2010,

http://www.livescience.com/animals/080502-bts-stiassny-congo.html

Personal Response:

When we talk about hydrology, we often assume that it only involves formation of water features such as ox-bow lakes or the meandering of the rivers. Though often true, however, unknown to many, these progressive formations of the river and it features often affect the animal population that lives in the water.

After the formation of the lower congo river, the fast currents of the

water form a impenetrable wall which isolated populations of fishes.This isolation thus prevents fish populations to be able to cross breed. As such, mutation of the similar fish species could be observed at different parts of the river.

In addition, as the river pose as a relatively harsh environment to live in,fishes evolved so as so survive in the river. Some fishes, like the tiger fish evolved into such, so as to overcome the fish currents as well as to hunt for prey within the water of the lower congo.

In this note, geography often affect us in more ways than we can imagine.